ABSTRACT
The Post-Acute Sequelae of SARS-CoV-2 infection (PASC) have been characterized; however, the burden of PASC remains unknown. Here we used the healthcare databases of the US Department of Veterans Affairs to build a cohort of 181,384 people with COVID-19 and 4,397,509 non-infected controls and estimated that burden of PASC-defined as the presence of at least one sequela in excess of non-infected controls-was 73.43 (72.10, 74.72) per 1000 persons at 6 months. Burdens of individual sequelae varied by demographic groups (age, race, and sex) but were consistently higher in people with poorer baseline health and in those with more severe acute infection. In sum, the burden of PASC is substantial; PASC is non-monolithic with sequelae that are differentially expressed in various population groups. Collectively, our results may be useful in informing health systems capacity planning and care strategies of people with PASC.
Subject(s)
COVID-19/complications , Infections/virology , SARS-CoV-2/pathogenicity , Aged , COVID-19/etiology , COVID-19/immunology , COVID-19/pathology , COVID-19/virology , Cohort Studies , Databases, Factual , Disease Progression , Female , Health Status , Humans , Male , Middle Aged , SARS-CoV-2/isolation & purification , Severity of Illness Index , United States , Veterans Health Services , Post-Acute COVID-19 SyndromeABSTRACT
Neutrophil extracellular traps (NETs) are web-like structures of decondensed extracellular chromatin fibers and neutrophil granule proteins released by neutrophils. NETs participate in host immune defense by entrapping pathogens. They are pro-inflammatory in function, and they act as an initiator of vascular coagulopathies by providing a platform for the attachment of various coagulatory proteins. NETs are diverse in their ability to alter physiological and pathological processes including infection and inflammation. In this review, we will summarize recent findings on the role of NETs in bacterial/viral infections associated with vascular inflammation, thrombosis, atherosclerosis and autoimmune disorders. Understanding the complex role of NETs in bridging infection and chronic inflammation as well as discussing important questions related to their contribution to pathologies outlined above may pave the way for future research on therapeutic targeting of NETs applicable to specific infections and inflammatory disorders.
Subject(s)
Cardiovascular System/pathology , Extracellular Traps/metabolism , Infections/pathology , Inflammation/pathology , Anti-Neutrophil Cytoplasmic Antibody-Associated Vasculitis/pathology , Humans , Infections/virology , Models, BiologicalSubject(s)
Colitis, Ulcerative/genetics , Colorectal Neoplasms/genetics , Infections/genetics , Inflammation/genetics , Intestines/physiopathology , Organoids/physiopathology , COVID-19/genetics , Colitis, Ulcerative/microbiology , Colitis, Ulcerative/physiopathology , Colorectal Neoplasms/microbiology , Colorectal Neoplasms/physiopathology , Escherichia coli/isolation & purification , Escherichia coli Infections/genetics , Escherichia coli Infections/physiopathology , Humans , Infections/virology , Inflammation/virology , Interleukin-17/genetics , Models, Biological , Mutation , SARS-CoV-2/isolation & purificationSubject(s)
Biosurveillance/methods , COVID-19/epidemiology , Disaster Planning , Epidemiological Monitoring , Infections/diagnosis , Pandemics/prevention & control , Public Health/methods , Animals , COVID-19/diagnosis , COVID-19/prevention & control , DNA/blood , Diplomacy , Disaster Planning/economics , Global Health , Humans , Infections/microbiology , Infections/virology , Information Dissemination , International Cooperation , Lassa Fever/diagnosis , Lassa Fever/epidemiology , Measles/diagnosis , Measles/epidemiology , Pandemics/statistics & numerical data , RNA/blood , Socioeconomic Factors , United States/epidemiology , Wastewater-Based Epidemiological Monitoring , World Health Organization/organization & administrationABSTRACT
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